This portion of the alt.horror.cthulhu FAQ was brought to you by Donovan K. Loucks
(webmaster@hplovecraft.com).
The following information was culled from Lovecraftian tales. It includes
references to Lovecraft’s fictional towns, entities, and tomes, as well as
a timeline of events in Lovecraft’s fictional universe.
- Q: What actual locations did Lovecraft base his fictional ones
on?
A: Four major towns and suggested real-life equivalents
are:
Arkham: Salem (with a pinch of Providence, RI)
Dunwich: Wilbraham, Monson, and Hampden
Innsmouth: Gloucester and Newburyport
Kingsport: Marblehead
It is probably wrong to take these equivalents too literally, since
Lovecraft was never averse to using real-life locations in his tales (e.g.
“The Case of Charles Dexter Ward” is set mainly in Providence, RI), and
would have had good reason for making his fictional towns significantly
different from real locations.
- Arkham (Salem)
- Dunwich (Wilbraham, Monson, and Hampden)
A 2nd opinion:
On the other hand, I always thought that Dunwich was based on Plasitow,
Mass/NH, a few miles North of where Dunwich was supposed to be located. I
visited there once or twice, and it looked pretty inbred to me.
A 3rd opinion:
Well, i always thought it was based on dunstable, mass. dunstable is in
north-central massachusetts (actually a little east of central), is at
least 50 years older than all the towns around it (dunstable founded in
~1650, most of the others around it ~1700), and there are lots of
atmospheric areas in the town—old houses in various states of disrepair,
huge gnarly (dude!) trees overhanging the roads, hilly old graveyards,
swamps, that kind of stuff. finally, there’s the name: DUNstable <–>
DUNwich?
- Innsmouth (Gloucester and Newburyport)
- Kingsport (Marblehead)
- Q: Where is the Plateau of Leng?
A: There are three suggested locations:
- The first, described extensively in Lovecraft’s “The Dream-Quest of
Unknown Kadath,” is in the far north of the Dreamlands and inhabited by
unpleasant, cloven-hooved, horned men, and by an ancient monastery which
contains “the high priest not to be described, which wears a yellow silken
mask over its face” (“Celephais,” Lovecraft).
- The second, described in Lovecraft’s “At the Mountains of Madness,” is
in Antarctica near the South Geomagnetic Pole, once inhabited by the Elder
Things but now reserved for giant penguins and the occasional
shoggoth.
- The third location, referred to in Lovecraft’s “The Hound” and
seemingly the most popular location with other authors, is in the
Himalayas and inhabited by a cult of cannibals. The three locations could
be related through some quirk of space-time.
According to Tierney’s “House of the Toad,” the Plateau may be found in
China’s Xinjiang (perhaps Xizang) Province. This is notable, because in
Discovery magazine, there was an article about some Caucasian mummies
bearing items like those found in the Ukraine found here. I seem to
recall the Necronomicon saying something like “Leng is connected
with many different times and places” (that quote’s Lin Carter’s
invention, and I don’t have it right here). Interesting stuff,
though.
According to Jack Chalker’s “River of the Dancing Gods,” the Plateau of
Leng is in the upper Northwest of the world of the Dancing Gods.
- Q: Where is Irem?
A: Lovecraft mentions an “Irem, City of Pillars” in some stories.
This probably has a Koranic source, as suggested by the following magazine
item about an archeological discovery:
“The Koran describes how the earth swallowed up a sumptuous but decadent
‘city of towers’ called Iram....diggers can already see that the city
center collapsed—as told in the Koran—because it was built over a
limestone cavern used to store water.” Identified with Ubar,
frankincense-trading city in the Arabian Nights. (Jeanne Gordon & Fiona
Gleizes, “The ‘Atlantis of the Sands’,” Newsweek, 119:7, Feb. 17, 1992, p.
38.) - Donald Davis
Also, an article in the October 1995 issue of Reader’s Digest
(“Search for the Lost City”) describes how documentary film-maker Nick
Clapp organized several expeditions to Oman to look for the lost city of
Ubar. Ubar is believed by some to be “Irem, the many-towered city”
mentioned in the Koran. Ubar, like the Biblical towns of Sodom and
Gomorrah, was a town of great wickedness that Allah destroyed. Under the
sands at the oasis of Shis’r, the researchers not only found pottery and
glass artifacts, but the ruins of “eight towers, each perhaps 30 feet
high...a lofty citadel...an octagonal fort..a wide court with a well in
the center...”
“Here’s some information I remember from the last time I looked up Iram.
There were once two brothers, Shaddid and Shaddad, who ruled a city
somewhere in Arabia. Shaddid died, and Shaddad became arrogant and cruel.
He decided that he would build a garden on Earth imitating the celestial
paradise. When the garden was completed, Shaddad and all his retainers
rode out in a procession to visit it. Before they could reach it,
however, a great ‘noise from heaven’ destroyed all of them, and the
location of Iram has never been discovered. I wasn’t familiar with that
Arabian Nights reference; I’ll have to look that up.” - Daniel Harms
(harmsdm@ctrvax.vanderbilt.edu)
- Q: Who are the ‘Great Old Ones’?
A: The Great Old Ones are unique entities, alien to the Earth.
Although each entity is unique, some (like Cthulhu) are actually a
‘leader’ (or high priest? interpretations vary) of a race (i.e. Cthulhu is
a “Great Old One” but he is of a race called, for lack of a better name,
the “Spawn of Cthulhu”). The individual Great Old Ones, however, do not
(necessarily) belong to the same race. However, Hastur has been referred
to as the “half-brother” of Cthulhu. (No doubt this notion was started by
August Derleth, and what may be the original reference to this appears in
his “The Return of Hastur.”)
If a Great Old One is worshipped on Earth, it is generally by insane human
cultists (as well as other races). Their worship likens them to gods, but
they should not be confused with another Lovecraftian category, the Outer
(sometimes called “Other”) Gods. Nor with the Elder Gods. The Great Old
Ones, while much more powerful than humankind, still seem to be
‘outranked’(?) by the more powerful ‘Outer Gods’.
Along the same lines of name confusion comes the “Great Ones.” These are a
race of giant human-shaped creatures who rule the dreamlands. Not to be
confused with “Great Old Ones.”
Lastly, “Old Ones” is a term used to refer (at various times) to either
the “Great Old Ones” or to the ancient crinoid race found in The Mountains
of Madness, in Antarctica. For future clarification, the crinoid race
will be referred to as the “Elder Things” (another name that they are
called.) The actual name of the race is a mystery. (They are called,
also, the “Primordial Ones,” but I digress.)
A list of the Great Old Ones, and their respective homes and current
locales follows (there are a lot for ?’s here, since I’m doing much of
this from memory, just to get the ball rolling. This info will be checked
for later editions of the FAQ)
Name |
Origin |
Locale |
Atlach-Nacha |
Saturn |
Dreamlands |
Cthugha |
Fomalhaut |
Fomalhaut |
Cthulhu |
Vhoorl |
R’lyeh |
Ghatanothoa |
Mu? |
Mu |
Hastur |
Lake of Hali? |
Aldebaran |
Ithaqua |
? |
Arctic Earth/Outer space |
Shudde-M’ell |
G’harne? |
Deep under the Earth? |
Tsathogghua |
Saturn |
N’kai |
Yibb-Tstll |
? |
Dreamlands? |
Yig |
Zandanua |
Pit of Ngoth |
- Q: What various manifestations has Nyarlathotep taken?
A: An exhaustive list in the making, full of spoilers if you
haven’t read the stories, here is the foundation:
- AHTU (worshiped in Congo) In this form, Nyarlathotep appears as a
huge mound of viscous material, with several golden tentacles sprouting
from its central mass. Ahtu’s worshipers are usually deformed or
mutilated natives. He is called by using a golden bracelet usually
separated innto two parts, to prevent Ahtu from being summoned by
accident. (“Than Curse the Darkness,” Drake; “Dead of Night,” Herber
(C).)
- THE BEAST (Egypt) This form manifests itself only at one particular
place in Egypt. It was the focus of a revolutionary cult in the
Fourteenth Dynasty. (Fungi from Yuggoth, Herber (C).)
- THE BLACK DEMON (Nowhere?) This is a black-furred, snouted monster
which is destroyed by light. The being may be controlled by a summoner
using certain talismans, though the user runs the risk of being attacked
herself. (“One in Darkness,” Isinwyll and Lyons (C).)
- BLACK PHARAOH, (Egypt) A hairless man with dead black skin and hooves
for feet. He is connected with the witch-cults of Western Europe. (“The
Dreams in the Witch-House,” Lovecraft.)
- BLACK WIND (Africa?) At times, Nyarlathotep takes the form of the
Black Wind, a great storm that can destroy crops, forest, and houses for
miles around when he manifests. (“Kenya,” DiTillio and Willis
(C).)
- BLOATED WOMAN (China) In this form, N. appears as a huge, obese woman
with five mouths and many tentacles. It carries the mystical Black Fan,
with which it hides its unseemly bulk from humans until it has ensnared
them. (“Shanghai,” DiTillio and Willis (C).)
- BRINGER OF PESTS (Egypt) Worshiped in Egypt’s Twelfth Dynasty, this
manifestation can only be described as a horde of huge spitting
supernatural locusts. It is worshiped today by a group known as the
Knights of the Silver Twilight. (“The Ten Commandments of Cthulhu
Hunting,” Monroe and Petersen (C). )
- DARK DEMON (??) A form of Nyarlathotep that occasionally manifests
itself through a contactee. It appears much as the Black Demon, but is
larger and more cunning. It sometimes calls to those steeped in studies
of black magic, promising them glory if they will allow him to enter their
bodies. Of course, no reward comes to those possessed by this form of
Nyarlathotep. (“The Dark Demon,” Bloch.)
- EFFIGY OF HATE (Africa) The Mighty Messenger was worshiped by one
African tribe, to which he manifested himself through their war totems.
This form is known to have some control over time. (“Regiment of Dread,”
Gillan. (C).)
- THE FACELESS GOD (Egypt) In the elder days of the Egyptian
civilization, Nyarlathotep was worshiped in the form of a winged sphinx
with a featureless head which bore the triple crown of a god. The Faceless
God was known to manifest itself through its idols. This cult was later
suppressed by the other priesthoods, becoming nearly forgotten in the
millennia following its dissolution. (“The Faceless God,” Bloch.)
- THE FLOATING HORROR (Haiti) This form of N. must manifest itself
through the body of a specially prepared host. It appears as a red veined
jellyfish-like floating organism of a bluish color. This avatar is
connected with certain fringe voodoo cults. (“The Star-Pools,”
Attansio.)
- HAUNTER OF THE DARK. See Lovecraft’s story of the same name. (ed.
note: wasn’t Nyarlathotep also depicted in human form in the follow up
story “The Shadow from the Steeple,” by Bloch?)
- MR. SKIN (Los Angeles): An immaculately dressed pimp. Unlike some
other “Black Man” forms, this is wholly and unmistakably human, and
appears to be a perfectly normal “person of color” (insert your favourite
PC euphemism). He is closely associated with a cult of
Shub-Niggurath.
- NARLA (Near future, anywhere): An extremely sophisticated and detailed
virtual reality simulation of a very beautiful white woman, this form
invades VR systems. Her appearance is designed to distract the (typically
male) sysadmin long enough for her to wrest total control of the system
from him. Anyone using such a VR system when Narla invades is in very
serious trouble. (“Star Bright, Star Byte,” Sands)
- SHUGORON (Malaysia) A black humanoid figure represented as playing a
sort of horn. This being is revered by the Tcho-tcho people of Malaysia.
(“Black Man with a Horn,” Klein; Escape from Innsmouth, Ross (C).)
- SKINLESS ONE (Mesoamerica) In the guise of a flayed, skinless corpse,
Nyarlathotep was worshiped among the Aztecs, to whom he was known as Xipe
Totec. (?)
- SMALL CRAWLER (India) A dwarfed human figure, with four arms and
three tentacles for legs. Little else is known of him, except that he is
mentioned in the Cthaat Aquadingen. (“Kenya,” DiTillio and Willis
(C).)
- TALL, SWARTHY EGYPTIAN MYSTIC (USA) Spreads madness and chaos.
(“Nyarlathotep,” Lovecraft)
- THING IN THE YELLOW MASK (Dreamlands) An entity draped in yellow
silk, its only known manifestation occurred within the abandoned city of
’Ygiroth on Mount Lerion. (Possible link to the King in Yellow?) (“In
’Ygiroth,” DeBill.)
- WAILING WRITHER, a column of whirling black tentacles and screaming
mouths, it is alluded to in some Hindu tales. (Escape from Innsmouth,
Ross (C).)
- Q: Where can I get a copy of the Necronomicon?
A: “The” Necronomicon, i.e. the book written about by
Lovecraft, cannot be found anywhere because it was never written - anyone
who disagrees with this statement is invited to produce a copy. Several
commercial Necronomicons have been published. The easiest to find
is the Avon paperback by Simon, which is mainly a re-hash of Sumerian
mythology with a few Mythos names dropped in; some practitioners of magick
consider it useful, but it has very little to do with Lovecraft’s
creation.
The 1973 Owlswick Press edition, prefaced by L. Sprague de Camp, is
reputedly a facsimile of an old manuscript but actually contains only 8
pages of Arabic text repeated over and over again.
H.R. Giger’s Necronomicon is a collection of that gentleman’s art;
if you are not familiar with his work, watch the “Alien” movie.
The Necronomicon: The Book of Dead Names by Colin Wilson et al
claims to be the rediscovered work.
There are many known library references to the Necronomicon by
Abdul Alhazred, Michael Tice’s entry at UCLA being perhaps the most
notorious; these are pranks engineered by students or librarians. The
newsgroups alt.necromicon and alt.necronomicon are suggested for those who
wish to discuss the historical authenticity, translations and publications
of this tome.
- Q: What is the etymology of the word “Necronomicon”?
A: Lovecraft himself provides us a translation in a letter to Harry
O. Fischer dated late February, 1937: “The name Necronomicon
(necros, corpse; nomos, law; eikon, image = An Image [or Picture] of the
Law of the Dead) occurred to me in the course of a dream, although the
etymology is perfectly sound.”
Some will argue that this etymology is not perfectly sound, but since
Lovecraft invented the book, I feel his etymology is the correct one.
However, for those interested in a more correct translation, the following
was provided by S.A.T. Haldane
(sah@dl.ac.uk):
Nekros/nekr-o- (noun) ‘dead (person)’
nomos/nom-o- (noun) ‘law’, ‘custom’
-ikos/-ike/-ikon (adjectival suffix) ‘to do with’, ‘concerning’,
hence nekr-o- + nom-o- + -ikos > nekronomikos (adjective) concerning the
customs of the dead’. Functioning as a noun in the neutral gender, to
Nekronomikon ‘(The Thing) Concerning the Customs of the Dead’.
- Q: How about the Unaussprechlichen Kulten?
A: First of all, the German title of this book is incorrect.
“Unaussprechlichen Kulten” is simply wrong - it must be “Unaussprechliche
Kulte.”
An earlier edition of the book carried the title:
“Chains of Worship: how forged and broken; being a complete, graphic, and
comparative history of the many strange beliefs, superstitious practices,
domestic peculiarities, sacred writings, systems of philosophy, legends
and traditions, customs and habits of men of the Unspeakable Cults
throughout the ancient world.”
And from this it is clear that the original had the words, “unspeakable
cults” appearing in the dative form: von den unaussprechlichen Kulten;
wherupon later years saw the title shortened simply to, “Unaussprechlichen
Kulten.”
- Q: What events occurred in the Mythos universe?
A: Please note that this timeline has been modified extensively
from the original FAQ timeline. Events that are not mentioned
specifically in Lovecraft’s works or that are the subject of scientific
debate have been removed.
- 2 billion BC: Elder Things arrive (crinoid Old Ones from AtMoM) (“At
the Mountains of Madness”)
Possibly the Antarctic was already inhabited by something nasty (?) at the
time, but the record is unclear. (“At the Mountains of Madness”)
Editor’s note: This ‘something nasty’ smacks of Urm-At-Tawil (sp?).
Anyone who has more information on this shall be blessed ‘pi’ times by
Nyarlathotep.
- ?: The people of K’n-yan, who reputedly brought “Tulu” who migrated
to the surface when the land was fit to live on. (“The Mound,” by
Lovecraft and Bishop)
- 600 million BC: Flying Polyps arrive, and build basalt cities with
windowless towers (in Australia) (“The Shadow Out of Time”)
Archaean slate preserves striated triangular footprints of Elder
Things (“At the Mountains of Madness”)
- 200 million BC: Pangea broke up (real)
R’lyeh is built (“At the Mountains of Madness”)
Spawn of Cthulhu arrive, and war with the Elder Things and drive them into
the sea (“At the Mountains of Madness”)
- 150 million BC: Permian age (real)
Marine Elder Things re-subjugate Shoggoths (“At the Mountains of
Madness”)
Elder Things war with Great Race (“At the Mountains of Madness”)
- ?: Great Race of Yith (minds only) came forward and inhabited the
bodies of the indiginous Australian conical entities. (“The Shadow Out of
Time”)
- ?: Jurassic (real)
Mi-go arrive from Yuggoth (Pluto) and drive Elder Things from Northern
Hemisphere (“At the Mountains of Madness”)
- 100 million BC: Rifts seperate Africa from Europe/Valusia and Asia
(No Ref)
- 50 million BC: City founded in Mts of Madness to replace older city
on site of first arrival, by Elder Things (“At the Mountains of
Madness”)
- 30-25 million BC: Development of CircumAntarctic current, essentially
isolating Antarctica from the rest of the continents, and beginning the
establishment of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (Real)
Pliocene map (Real)
No sea cities of Elder Things north of 50deg S; no land cities outside of
Antarctica and tip of South America (“At the Mountains of
Madness”)
- 50,000 BC: Civilization of great-headed brown people of South Africa
(No Ref)
- 24,000 BC: Hairy cannibal Gnophkehs overcame many-templed Olathoe and
slay all the heros of the land of Lomar (inside 80 deg N). (“Polaris,” by
Lovecraft)
Pnakotic Manuscripts taken to Ulthar in the Dreamlands (No Ref)
Hyperborean copy of PM preserved by same cult which wrote the Book of
Eibon (Letter #826 of “Selected Letters”)
- 30 BC: Ubar/Irem “a many-columned city...whose like has never been
built in the whole land” [Koran] vanishes in sandstorm. [1984 Challenger
mission spots buried roadway stretching for 60 miles in desert north of
Oman’s Dhofar province] [Mankato Free Press, 7/16/1990] [Hitti,
HIST.ARABS: “A recently discovered Nabataean site, ’RM, 25 miles east of
al-Aqabah, is Kornaic Iram (sur. 89:6)”][2/5/92 NYT “Archeologists and
explorers in Oman have uncovered the ruins of eight towers and adjoining
walls and deposits of pottery dating to Roman times and as far back as
2,000 BC. The explorers are virtually sure it is UBAR, the fabled entrepot
of the rich frankincense trade thousands of years ago.”]
- c. 730: Al Azif written at Damascus by Abdul Alhazred, who
claimed to have visited Irem and an even older city; worshipped
Yog-Sothoth and Cthulhu.
- 738: Alhazred dies or disappears under terrible circumstances. Said
by Ebn Khiallikan to have been seized in broad daylight and devoured by an
invisible monster before a horrified crowd.
- 950: Al Azif translated into Greek as Necronomicon by
Theodorus Philetas
- 1050: Greek text of Necronomicon burnt by Michael, Patriarch
of Constantinople (Arabic text lost at this point)
- 1228: Olaus translates Necronomicon into Latin.
- 1232: Pope Gregory IX places Necronomicon on Index
Expurgatorius
- 15th century: Black letter edition of Latin Necronomicon
printed in Germany. Copy rumored to exist in the British Museum.
- 1500 - 1550: Greek text of Necronomicon printed in Italy. Last
known copy vanished in burning of a certain Salem man’s library in 1692.
Copy kept by Pickman family of Salem? If so, vanished with R. U. Pickman
in 1926.
- 17th cent: Spanish printing (in Latin?) of Necronomicon
(copies at Bibliotheque National in Paris, Widener Library at Harvard,
Miskatonic U. library at Arkham, library of Buenos Aires).
- 1760’s AD: The four Brown brothers, Reverend Manning and the Governor
of Rhode Island (Lippincott?) go on a witchhunt for Joseph Curwen (“The
Case of Charles Dexter Ward,” Lovecraft)
- 1839: Unaussprechlichen Kulten published in Dusseldorf.
Written by Friedrich von Junzt (1795-1840) [read Necronomicon in
Greek translation]. Von Junzt dies six months after returning from trip to
Mongolia while working on second book. Less than a dozen copies exist of
this edition. [“Von Junzt relates many stories of the survivals of cults
worshipping pre-human entities or prehistoric gods, such as Ghatanothoa,
Bran, and others. The principle obscurity of the book is in Von Junzt’s
use of the term ‘keys’ – phrase used many times by him, in various
relations, such as descriptions of the infamous Black Stone in Hungary and
the legendary Temple of the Toad in Honduras.”]
- 1845: Bridewell, London publisher, does a pirated translation of
Unauss. Kulten. “...full of grotesque woodcuts, and riddled with
misspellings, faulty translations, and the usual errors of a cheap and
unscholarly printing....”
- 1865: E. A. Hitchcock, Remarks on Alchemy “...the now
unattainable secrets of the Aklo tablets.”
- 1882, June: meteorite lands west of Arkham “The Colour Out of
Space”
- 1892: Body exhumed, heart burned in Exeter, RI (mentioned “The
Shunned House”)
- 1901, February 22: Climax of “Beyond the Wall of Sleep”
- 1907, November 1: raid near New Orleans captures Cthulhu
cultists
- 1908 - 1913: Wingate Peaslee’s amnesia
- 1909: Golden Goblin Press, New York. Expurgated edition of Unauss.
Kulten (fully one quarter of work cut), handsomely bound, illustrated
by Diego Vasquez. Approx. 30 known to still exist.
- 1910, January: Houdini is “Imprisioned With the Pharaohs”
- 1913, August 3: Box delivered to A. Jermyn
- 1917, August 20: “The Temple” 20 N, 35 W
- 1919, August 25: exploration of the Shunned House
- 1921, August: Reporter encounters “The Lurking Fear”
- 1922, January: “The Attic Window” published in Whispers (see
“The Unnamable”)
- 1923, July 16: Delapore moves into Exham Priory
- 1923: Lovecraft writes “The Festival” (“...they included old
Morryster’s wild Marvells of Science, the terrible Saducismus
Triumphatus of Joseph Glanvil, published in 1681, the shocking
Daemonolatreia of Remigius, printed in 1595 at Lyons, and worst of
all, the unmentionable Necronomicon of the mad Arab Abdul Alhazred,
in Olaus Wormius’ forbidden Latin translation...” [“The Nameless City”
written 1921; “The Hound” 1922]
- 1925, March 23 to April 2: R’lyeh emerges from ocean
- 1925, October 9: Letter 197, vol 2, Lovecraft to Clark Ashton Smith:
“I bedeck my tale [Horror at Red Hook] with incantations copied from the
‘Magic’ article in the 9th edition of the Britannica, but I’d like
to draw on less obvious sources if I knew of the right reservoirs to tap.”
Recommends Witchcraft in Western Europe to CAS.
- 1926: R. U. Pickman disappears.
- 1927, Good Friday: Chas. Dexter Ward revives Joseph Curwen
- 1927, July 6: “The Shadow Over Innsmouth”
- 1928, February: Raid on Innsmouth
- 1928, August: The Dunwich Horror
- 1928, October 7: Randolph Carter goes through the Gate of the Silver
Key [Aug 30, 1932 letter “Dear Abdul...And for each plane of cutting, we
get a different 3 dimensional solid. Thus from an original, unchangeable
4th dimensional SOMETHING, we get a (sic) infinity of seemingly different
3 dimensional forms; as by varying the angle at which a plane cuts a
cone... All of which is the thesis accounting for Carter’s scrambled
affairs.”]
- 1931, January 22: Plane spots the Mountains of Madness 76ø 15' S,
113ø 10' E.
- 1931, March: Gale wrecks roof of the Witch House
- 1935, June 3: First blocks found by Peaslee’s Australian
expedition
- 1935, Night of July 17-18: Peaslee explores ruins
End of Part 8 of the alt.horror.cthulhu FAQ, “Mythos Lore.”
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